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　　在工程的实施过程中，施工方和建设方都有可能发生索赔，但一般以施工方索赔为多，本文重点论述施工方的索赔。施工索赔是指在履行合同过程中由于非自身原因使施工单位付出额外的费用，施工单位通过合法的途径与相关程序要求建设单位偿还他们在合同履行中的损失，这种行为称“施工索赔”。　　1、索赔的意义　　建筑产品是一项特殊的产品，其生产周期长，生产条件变化大，生产环节多，资金占用量大，不可预见因素多等，因而施工单位在整个施工过程中增加了工程量，多付了劳动与费用，这是十分正常的，因此产生索赔也是十分正常的。索赔是施工企业管理一件正常而重要的工作。　　在国外，索赔是施工管理很通常的工作，是获取利润主要经营手段之一。在国内，以前在计划经济背景下，工程索赔很少发生，对我们来说是陌生的。但现在就不同了，市场经济只能按经济规律办事，企业只有维护自身的利益，只有盈利，才能在市场竞争的风浪中立足和生存。目前，“索赔”这个概念已进入我国的施工企业，索赔事件也不断增多，但还不普遍，就规范化、制度化方面还需要作很大的努力。当前，就施工单位与建设单位关系而言，即使不能称为“弱势群体”，也是买方市场，施工方处于被动地位，施工单位必须要有保护企业利益意识、经济意识和索赔意识，才能为企业争取到应有的利益。建筑施工行业本身就是微利行业，特别是在当前建筑市场竞争如此激烈的情况下，工程利润十分低微。如在某些环节上，企业的付出没有合理的抵偿，那是十分危险的。目前就收取工程款来说，往往没有预付款，施工企业要代支材料款及前期费用，工程竣工又往往只收到 70%~80%左右进度款，工程验收交付使用后还得留下 5%作保修金，1~2 年才能收回，这里面就存在着很大的资金风险。现在都是低价中标的，如果建设单位支付不及时，施工单位多付出劳动得不到补偿，甚至工程结算后建设单位还拖欠工程款，施工企业的亏损是肯定无疑的。施工单位在如此艰难的情况下，施工索赔更显得重要，可以说是平衡工程亏损与获利的法码。因此我们必须十分重视这项工作，并切实将其做好。　　2、索赔的内容　　建筑工程十分复杂，引起索赔的原因很多，但从种类上可分为两大类，即工期与费用索赔。工期索赔是对工期延长的索赔，也就是施工单位在施工过程中由于非自身原因造成工期拖延，而向建设单位提出的经济补偿。费用索赔是指施工单位在施工过程中由于非自身的原因造成合同内外、合同价外费用支出而向建设单位提出的经济补偿。　　以上的情况往往是两者兼有的，因而往往同时提出时间与费用的补偿。一般由以下一些问题引起索赔。（1）设计变更造成工程量的增大；（2）实际完成工程量与施工图预算工程量不相符而增大的工程量；（3）停水、停电、拖欠工程进度款等原因而造成的人工、机械停滞费用；（4）多单位、多工种交叉施工作业对工程进度的影响；（5）预算外的施工，加工制作费用；（6）建设单位提供材料、设备不及时对工期的影响。由于以上的原因引起施工索赔的费用主要有：人工费 — — 增加工时的费用；材料费——实际材料使用量大于原材料计划量产生的费用，还有二次运输、仓储等费用；机械费——机械设备使用增加或者机械停工，滞留而产生的费用；水电费——水电费的额外增加；管理费——施工现场及公司管理费的额外增加；利息——拖延或拒付工程款的利息。　　3、索赔的条件　　要达到索赔的目的，应具备很多条件，有客观的，也有主观的。就客观条件来说，如建筑市场现行法制的健全情况，发生争执时仲裁机构或法院判案是否公正等，而主要的则是主观因素：　　3.1较高的综合管理素质　　索赔可以说是一项系统工程，就时间而言，涉及到工程实施前，实施过程与工程竣工后；就管理知识而言，它涉及到合同管理、工程管理、工艺技术、财会知识、法律知识与公共关系等；就部门机构而言，它涉及到企业的施工部门、经营部门、财务部门、材料部门、法律部门，还有社会上的建设主管部门、仲裁机关及法院等。因此，一定要熟悉上述有关知识，将其有机地结合，企业内各有关部门紧密配合，并做好社会公关工作，争取理解和支持，才有可能把此事办好。

In the implementation process of the project, both the construction party and the construction party may make claims, but generally the construction party claims more. This article focuses on the construction party's claims. Construction claim refers to the act of requiring the construction unit to compensate for any losses incurred during the performance of the contract due to reasons other than their own, which the construction unit incurs through legal means and relevant procedures. This behavior is called "construction claim". 1. The significance of claims is that construction products are a special type of product with a long production cycle, significant changes in production conditions, multiple production processes, high capital occupation, and many unforeseeable factors. Therefore, it is normal for the construction unit to increase the amount of work, pay extra labor and expenses throughout the entire construction process, and therefore, it is also normal for claims to occur. Claims are a normal and important task in the management of construction enterprises. In foreign countries, claims are a common task in construction management and one of the main means of obtaining profits. In China, under the background of planned economy, engineering claims rarely occurred, which was unfamiliar to us. But now it's different. A market economy can only operate according to economic laws. Enterprises can only maintain their own interests and make profits in order to stand and survive in the storm of market competition. At present, the concept of "claim" has entered construction enterprises in China, and the number of claim incidents is constantly increasing. However, it is not yet widespread, and great efforts need to be made in terms of standardization and institutionalization. Currently, in terms of the relationship between the construction unit and the construction unit, even if it cannot be called a "vulnerable group", it is still a buyer's market. The construction party is in a passive position, and the construction unit must have awareness of protecting the interests of the enterprise, economic awareness, and claims awareness in order to strive for the due benefits for the enterprise. The construction industry itself is a low profit industry, especially in the current fiercely competitive construction market, where engineering profits are very low. If there is no reasonable compensation for the company's efforts in certain aspects, it is very dangerous. At present, when it comes to collecting project payments, there is often no advance payment. Construction companies need to pay for materials and upfront expenses on behalf of them. After the completion of the project, they often only receive about 70% to 80% of the progress payment. After the acceptance and delivery of the project, they also need to leave 5% as a security deposit, which can take 1-2 years to recover. There is a significant financial risk involved in this. Nowadays, it is common to win the bid at a low price. If the construction unit fails to pay in a timely manner, the construction unit will not receive compensation for the extra labor put in, and even after the project settlement, the construction unit will still owe the project payment. The losses of the construction enterprise are undoubtedly inevitable. In such a difficult situation, construction claims are even more important for construction units, and can be said to be the legal code for balancing project losses and profits. Therefore, we must attach great importance to this work and effectively do it well. 2. The content of claims for construction projects is very complex, and there are many reasons that can cause claims, but they can be divided into two categories in terms of types, namely construction period and cost claims. Construction period claim is a claim for extension of construction period, which refers to the economic compensation proposed by the construction unit to the construction unit during the construction process due to non self caused delays in the construction period. Cost claim refers to the economic compensation proposed by the construction unit to the construction unit for expenses incurred outside the contract or beyond the contract price due to non self reasons during the construction process. The above situations often have both, so compensation for time and cost is often proposed simultaneously. Claims are generally caused by the following issues. (1) Design changes result in an increase in engineering quantity; (2) The actual amount of work completed does not match the budgeted amount of work in the construction drawings and increases the amount of work; (3) The cost of labor and machinery stagnation caused by reasons such as water and power outages, and delayed project progress payments; (4) The impact of cross construction operations across multiple units and trades on project progress; (5) Off budget construction, processing and production costs; (6) The impact of delayed provision of materials and equipment by the construction unit on the project schedule. The cost of construction claims caused by the above reasons mainly includes: labor costs - the cost of increasing working hours; Material cost - the cost incurred when the actual amount of material used exceeds the planned amount of raw materials, as well as secondary transportation, storage, and other expenses; Mechanical cost - the cost incurred due to the increase in the use of mechanical equipment or the suspension or detention of machinery; Water and electricity fees - an additional increase in water and electricity fees; Management fees - additional increase in construction site and company management fees; Interest - interest on delayed or refused payment of project funds. 3. To achieve the purpose of claiming compensation, there should be many conditions, both objective and subjective. In terms of objective conditions, such as the soundness of the current legal system in the construction market, the fairness of arbitration institutions or courts in case of disputes, etc., the main factor is subjective: 3.1 High comprehensive management quality claims can be said to be a systematic project, involving the pre implementation, implementation process, and post completion of the project in terms of time; In terms of management knowledge, it involves contract management, engineering management, process technology, financial and accounting knowledge, legal knowledge, and public relations; In terms of departmental structure, it involves the construction department, operation department, finance department, materials department, legal department of the enterprise, as well as the construction supervisory department, arbitration agency, and court in society. Therefore, it is necessary to be familiar with the above relevant knowledge, organically combine it, closely cooperate with relevant departments within the enterprise, and do a good job in social public relations, striving for understanding and support, in order to possibly handle this matter well.