专业团队

一、效力待定合同包括哪些

1、限制民事行为能力人订立的合同：经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人追认。

为避免因限制民事行为能力人订立的合同效力长期处于不确定状态而影响相对人的权益，《合同法》规定了相对人的催告权。相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

2、无权代理：行为人在无权代理的情况下(没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后)以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人表示同意的，由被代理人承担合同责任;被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认，合同对被代理人不发生效力。

3、无处分权的人处分他人财产：经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。

二、合同效力待定怎么追认才有效?

1、追认的意思表示向谁作出的问题。

效力待定合同有不同类型，而且每种类型的合同中又有不同的情形，因此追认的意思表示向谁作出也应有所不同。追认或拒绝追认的意思应向谁作出，应坚持两个标准：

第一，以相对人是否催告为标准。对于限制民事行为能力人订立的合同和无权代理人以被代理人名义订立的合同，凡是相对人催告的，追认或拒绝追认的意思表示应向相对人作出。相对人没有催告的，对于限制民事行为能力人订立的合同所作的追认或拒绝追认的意思表示应分别向限制民事行为能力人和相对人作出。

第二，以追认权人的意愿为标准。对于无权代理人以被代理人名义订立的合同和无处分权人处分他人财产而订立的合同，追认的意思表示可只向限制民事行为能力人和无权代理人作出，也可以只向相对人作出。因为在这两种情况下，均可以使效力待定的事由归于消灭，效力待定的合同发生效力。

2、追认的意思表示方式问题。

对此问题，合同法未作规定。采取书面形式还是口头形式，取决于追认权人。但不管采取何种形式，作出意思表示必须是以明示的方式，且为效力待定合同的相对人所知晓。

3、追认权的行使时间问题。

一般情况下，追认权的行使时间以追认权人知道或应当知道效力待定合同存在时开始。在相对人催告的情况下，追认权在催告后的合理期限届满时消失。在相对人没有催告的情况下，追认权何时消灭，合同法没有规定。应与民法通则中规定的一般诉讼时效相一致，即在追认权人知道或应当知道效力待定合同存在之日起2年内不行使，追认权归于消灭。

1、 What are the pending contracts for effectiveness

1. A contract entered into by a person with limited capacity for civil conduct: After being ratified by the legal representative, the contract is valid, but a contract that is purely beneficial or a contract that is suitable for their age, intelligence, or mental health does not need to be ratified by the legal representative.

In order to avoid the long-term uncertainty of the effectiveness of contracts concluded by individuals with limited capacity for civil conduct, which may affect the rights and interests of the counterparty, the Contract Law stipulates the counterparty's right to demand payment. The counterpart can urge the legal representative to recognize it within one month. If the legal representative fails to make a statement, it shall be deemed as refusal of recognition. Before the contract is ratified, the good faith counterpart has the right to revoke it. Revocation should be made by notification.

2. Unauthorized agency: A contract entered into by the actor in the name of the principal without authorization (without agency power, beyond agency power, or after termination of agency power), which is not ratified by the principal, shall not be effective against the principal and shall be borne by the actor. The counterpart can urge the principal to recognize it within one month. If the principal agrees, the principal shall bear the contractual responsibility; If the principal fails to make a statement, it shall be deemed as refusal of recognition, and the contract shall not be binding on the principal.

3. If a person without the right of disposition disposes of another person's property, the contract shall be valid if it is recognized by the right holder or if the person without the right of disposition obtains the right of disposition after entering into a contract.

2、 How to confirm the validity of the contract after its validity is pending?

1. The meaning of recognition indicates who made the question.

There are different types of contracts with undetermined effectiveness, and each type of contract has different situations, so the expression of the intention to recognize should be made to different parties. To whom should the meaning of recognition or refusal be given, two standards should be adhered to:

Firstly, the standard is based on whether the counterparty has urged for notification. For contracts entered into by persons with limited capacity for civil conduct and contracts entered into by unauthorized agents in the name of the principal, if the other party urges for recognition, the expression of intention to recognize or refuse to recognize should be made to the other party. If the counterparty has not urged, the expression of intention to recognize or refuse to recognize a contract entered into by a person with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be made separately to the person with limited capacity for civil conduct and the counterparty.

Secondly, based on the will of the rights holder. For contracts entered into by unauthorized agents in the name of the principal and contracts entered into by persons without the right to dispose of the property of others, the expression of intention to recognize can be made only to persons with limited capacity for civil conduct and unauthorized agents, or only to counterparties. Because in both cases, the cause of the undetermined effect can be extinguished, and the contract with undetermined effect can take effect.

2. The issue of the expression of the meaning of recognition.

There is no provision in the Contract Law regarding this issue. Whether to adopt written or oral form depends on the right holder. However, regardless of the form taken, the expression of intention must be made in an express manner and be known to the counterparty of the contract to be determined.

3. The issue of the exercise time of the right of ratification.

In general, the exercise of the right of ratification begins when the holder of the right of ratification knows or should have known that the validity of the contract is yet to be determined. In the case of a demand from the other party, the right of recognition shall disappear upon the expiration of a reasonable period after the demand. There is no provision in the Contract Law on when the right to pursue recognition is extinguished without being urged by the other party. It should be consistent with the general statute of limitations for litigation stipulated in the General Principles of Civil Law, that is, if the right of recourse cannot be exercised within 2 years from the date on which the person with the right of recourse knows or should know that the contract with undetermined effectiveness exists, the right of recourse shall be extinguished.