合同诉讼Contract Litigation
合同诉讼主要有经济合同的诉讼。经济合同的诉讼，是指经济合同发生纠纷时，当事人以自己的名义，根据法律有关规定，请求人民法院通过审制的方式给予法律上的保护，从而解决经济合同纠纷的一种方式。
经济合同诉讼主要包括有：（一）当事人怎样起诉？根据《民事诉讼法》的规定，经济合同纠纷当事人提起诉讼的，必须符合以下条件：（1）原告是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织；（2）有明确的被告；（3）有具体的诉讼请求和事实、理由；（4）属于人民法院受理民事诉讼的范围和受诉人民法院管辖。符合上述条件的，原告（当事人）应向人民法院递交起诉状。根据《民事诉讼法》规定，起诉状应当记明下列事项：（1）当事人的姓名、性别、年龄、民族、职业、工作单位和住所，法人或其他组织名称、住所和法定代表人或者主要负责人的姓名、职务；（2）诉讼请求和所依据的事实与理由；（3）证据和证据来源，证人姓名和住所。人民法院收到起诉状，经审查，认为符合起诉条件的，应当在七日内立案，并通知当事人；认为不符合起诉条件的，应当在七日内裁定不予受理；原告对裁定不服的可以提起上诉。
（二）经济合同诉讼应向哪个地区的法院提起？诉讼应向有管辖权的法院提起，否则法院不会受理，诉讼程序也不会启动。根据我国民事诉讼法的规定，经济合同纠纷原则上由被告所在地（住所地或经常居住地）或合同履行地法院管辖，但当事人还可以约定管辖，即合同的当事人在书面协议中选择由被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地或标的物所在地人民法院管辖，约定管辖的不得违反法律关于级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。
（三）合同诉讼证据的保存 举证责任决定的是你要保存证据的重点范围，证据种类决定你保存证据的形式。证据保存的目的在于使有利自已的事实处于可以证明的状态，不致于事实是有利于已的但是却无法证明，造成吃哑巴亏的实际后果。
诉讼证据保存的具体要求：
证明对方违约事实的证据：
诉讼是合同纠纷的一方当事人将纠纷诉诸国家审判机关，由人民法院对合同纠纷案件行使审判权，按照民事诉讼法规定的程序进行审理，查清事实，分清是非，明确责任，认定双方当事人的权利义务关系．从而解决争议双方的合同纠纷。合同当事人通过诉讼解决合同纠纷，其程序相对于其他三种方式更为复杂。一般而言，通过诉讼解决合同纠纷，当事人在程序方面应当注意以下几个问题；
如对方的产品出现了质量问题，可以采取以下方式进行证据的保存：
（1）要求对方当事人到场对此问题进行确认，并采取产品共同检验记录，由双方当事人签字。
（2）发出质量异议通知书，要求在通知书上记载质量问题属实。
（3）对产品质量问题进行拍照。
（4）对产品质量交由双方约定的质检机构进行检验。并对取样过程进行公证。
（5）双方共同交由事先或事后约定的质检机构进行质检。
合同当事人通过诉讼解决合同纠纷的程序
1、对《合同书》及有关协议，以及当事人约定纳入合同内容的有关资料。这些书证直接证明了合同的成立与生效以及合同的具体内容。
2、在合同履行过程中你向对方履行了合同的证据。交付货物的要有收据，交款的要有发票或其它收款赁证。
3、在合同履行过程中向对方发送的告知、通知、提出的异议。但有可能，均应予以完整保留。尤其对于产品质量异议与解除合同的通知务必以书面形式作出或由其签收、或邮寄、或以电话方式作出，同时进行电话录音。
相关法律知识
合同诉讼时效的适用
关于合同诉讼时效的几个重点问题
合同诉讼中的证据提供
刑事诉讼辩护与代理须知
审理期限与诉讼时效
案件诉讼流程
公司诉讼
股东诉讼
诉讼的管辖：
管辖是指人民法院系统内受理第一审民事案件的分工和权限。诉讼管辖有以下几个方面的内容：
(1)级别管辖
根据我国民事诉讼法的规定，合同纠纷案件一般是基层人民法院作第一审法院，重大的涉外合同纠纷案件可以由中级人民法院作第一审法院。另外，在审判实践中．经济合同纠纷案件的诉讼单位属省、自治区、直辖市以上的，一般由中级人民法院作第一审法院；经济纠纷的诉讼单位虽属地区、省辖市以下，但诉讼标的金额较大．案情比较复杂，中级人民法院也可以作第一审法院。
(2)地域管辖
①一般地域管辖
一般地域管辖的原则是"原告就被告"原则，即诉讼一般由被告所在地的法院管辖。如果被告是公民的，由被告住所地人民法院管辖；被告住所地与经常居住地不一致的，由经常居住地人民法院管辖。这里"公民的住所地"是指公民户籍所在地。"经常居住地"是指公民离开住所地至起诉时己连续居住一年以上的地方，但公民住院就医的地方除外。如果被告是法人或其他组织的，由被告住所地人民法院管辖。这里的"住所地"是指法人或其他组织的主要办事机构所在地，对于没有办事机构的公民合伙，合伙型联营体等提起的诉讼,可由被告注册登记地法院管辖。
②特殊地域管辖
根据民事诉讼法的规定，特殊地域管辖有以下八方面的内容：
因合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者合同履行地法院管理。
因保险合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者保险标的物所在地人民法院管辖。如果保险标的物是运输工具或者运输中的货物，由被告住所地或者运输工具登记、注册地、运输目的地，保险事故发生地等的法院管辖。
因票据纠纷提起的诉讼、由票据支付地或者住所地人民法院管辖。
因铁路、公路、水上、航空等运输和联合运输合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由运输始发地、目的地、或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。
③专属管辖
专属管辖是指法律规定某些案件必须由持定的人民法院管辖，其他人民法院无权管辖.专属管辖有以下两种情况：因不动产纠纷提起的诉讼，不动产所在地人民法院管辖；因港口作业中发生纠纷提起的诉讼，由港口所在地人民法院管辖。规定这两方面的专属管辖，排除了其他法院对这两类案件的管辖权。
④协议管辖
协议管辖是指合同纠纷的双方当事人在合同纠纷发生之前或发生之后，用协议的方式来选择解决他们之间争议的管辖法院，又称为约定管辖或合意管辖。第25条规定："合同的双方当事人可以在书面合同中协议选择被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所在地人民法院，但不得违反本法对级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。"
从这一规定可以看出，我国民事诉讼法对国内民事案件的协议管辖有以下要求：当事人只能就合同案件协议管辖，其他案件不适用协议管辖。协议选择管辖法院的范围仅限于五个，即被告住所地，合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所在地的人民法院；协议管辖不仅要当事人协商一致，而且要用书面的形式约定，用口头形式约定的，其约定无效；当
事人只能协议变更第一审的地域管辖，而不能协议变更级别管辖；协议管辖只限于非专属管辖的诉讼，凡属于专属管辖的诉讼，不能由双方当事人协议加以变更。
此外,第25章对涉外民事案件的管辖也作了特别规定，主要有:
①特别地域管辖。根据规定，因合同纠纷，对在中华人民共和国有住所的被告提起的诉讼，由被告住所地人民法院管辖；对在中华人民共和国没有住所的被告提起的诉讼。如果合同在中华人民共和国领域内签订或者履行．或者诉讼标的物在中华人民共和国领域内，或者被告在中华人民共和国领域内有可供扣押的财产、或者被告在中华人民共和国领域内设有代表机构，可以由合同签订地、合同履行地、诉讼标的物所在地、可供扣押财产所在地以及代表机构所在地人民法院管辖。
②专属管辖。因在中华人民共和国内履行中外合资经营企业合同，中外合作经营企业合同,中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同时发生纠纷提起的诉讼，由中华人民共和国人民法院管辖，外国法院无权管辖。
③协议管辖。涉外合同纠纷的当事人，可以用书面协议选择与争议有实际联系的地点的法院管辖。选择中华人民共和国人民法院管辖的，不得违反民事诉讼法关于级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。这里"与争议有实际联系的地点"是指合同签订地、合同履行地、标的物所在地、被告住所地、被告可供扣押财产所在地或者代表机构所在地等。
④应诉管辖。也叫推定管辖，是指双方当事人之间即无独立的管辖权协议，合同中无选择法院的条款，也无任何口头承诺，只是当一方当事人在一国法院起诉时，另一方对该国法院行使管辖权不提出异议，或者无条件应诉,或者在该法院提出反诉，这都表示当事人已接受该国法院的管辖。第245条规定，涉外民事诉讼的被告对人民法院管辖不提出异议、并应诉答辩的，视为承认该人民法院为有管辖权的法院。以上是地域管辖的内容。应当注意：对同一案件，两个以上人民法院都有管辖权时，当事人可以选择一个法院起诉；如果当事人向两个以上法院起诉的，由最先立案的法院受理。
(3)管辖权的异议
管辖权的异议，是指当事人认为受诉人民法院对该案无管辖权，而向受诉人民法院提出的不服该法院管辖的意见或主张。提出管辖权异议的主体应当是本案当事人，并且只能是被告，因为原告不存在提出异议的问题，原告起诉，本身就说明原告认为受诉法院有管辖权。当事人对管辖权的异议，应当在提交答辩状期间提出，也就是说，当事人对管辖权有异议的，
必须在法定的答辩期间提出．如没有提出，则视为放弃提出异议的权利，以后不得再提出。
当事人提出的管辖权异议，符合上述条件的，法院应当进行审查，如果异议成立，法院应当作出书面裁定，把案件移送给有管辖权的法院审理，经审查，认为异议不能成立的，裁定予以驳回，裁定应当送达双方当事人，当事人对裁定不服的，可以在裁定书送达后的10天内向上一级人民法院提起上诉.
诉讼的参加人
诉讼参加人包括当事人和诉讼代理人。
(1)当事人
当事人是指因民事上的权利义务关系发生纠纷，以自己的名义进行诉讼，并受人民法院裁判约束，与案件审理结果有直接利害关系的人。
当事人有以下特点：①以自己的名义进行诉讼。如果以他人的名义进行诉讼，则只能是诉讼代理人,而不是当事人；②与案件有直接利害关系；③受人民法院裁判的约束。
当事人的诉讼权利有以下内容：
①请求司法保护权。原告有起诉权，被告有答辩权；②委托代理人。民事诉讼的任何当事人都有权委托1--2个代理人进行诉讼；③申请回避。即为了保证案件的公正审判，当事人有权要求人民法院更换本案的审判人员和其他人员；④收集、提供证据。为了维扩自己的合法权益，使人民法院作出有利于自己的裁判，任何一方当事人均有权收集证据，向人民法院提供证据，证明自己的立张是真实的，应当受到法律保护的；⑤进行辩论。在法庭上，当
事人有权发表自己的意见、论证自己的诉讼请求，反驳对方的诉讼请求。同时．也可以通过书面形式行使辩护权；⑥请求调解。在民事诉讼中．双方当事人均有权请求人民法院用调解方式审理民事案件，解决民事纠纷；⑦原告可以放弃或者变更诉讼请求，这反映了原告对其实体权利的处分只要不违反法律规定，不损害国家、集体或他人的利益、人民法院应当予以保障；⑧被告可以承认或者反驳诉讼请求，有权提起反诉；⑨双方当事人可以自行和解。对于已经诉诸法院的民事纠纷，当事人仍然有互相协商，达成和解的权利。只要这种和解不违反法律规定，不损害他人利益，人民法院均予以保障；⑩提起上诉，对于未生效的第一审裁判，除了法律规定不准上诉的以外，双方当事人均有权提起上诉，请求上级法院变更第一审法院作出的裁判；⑾申请执行，人民法院的判决生效后，如果义务人拒不履行义务，权利人有权向人民法院申请强制执行，以实现自己的合法权益；⑿可以查问本案有关材料，并可以复制本案有关材料和法律文书，但复制费应由当事人自行负担。
除了上述各项权利外，当事人在诉讼中还必须承担以下义务：①依法行使诉讼权利。诉讼权利是用来保护民事权利的，如果滥用，不仅起不到保护民事权利的作用,还会损害对方当事人的合法权益，影响人民法院正确行使审判权。因此．当事人对依法享有的诉讼权利，必须依法行使，不得滥用；②遵守诉讼秩序。良好诉讼秩序是人民法院行使审判权、当事人行使诉讼权的需要。当事人进行诉讼、必须遵守诉讼秩序，服从法庭指挥；③履行发生法律效力的判决书、裁定书和调解书。
当事人有广义和狭义之分。狭义的当事人即通常所说的当事人，仅指原告、被告；广义的当事人，不仅包括原告、被告，还包括共同诉讼人、诉讼代表人和第三人。
①原告和被告
原告是指为了维护自己的合法权益．以自己的名义向人民法院提起诉讼，因而引起民事诉讼程序发生的入。被告是指被原告指明侵犯了他的合法权益，或者与他发生了争执，并被法院通知应诉的人。
②共同诉讼人
共同诉讼是指原告一方或者被告一方在二人以上，甚至原、被告双方都是二人以上。其中原告一方在二人以上的，称为共同原告，被告一方在二人以上的，称为共同被告，他们统称为共同诉讼人。
共同诉讼分为必要的共同诉讼和普通的共同诉讼。必要的共同诉讼是指当事人一方或者双方为二人以上，其诉讼标的是共同的，在必要的共同诉讼人中，其中一人的诉讼行为经其他共同诉讼人承认．对其他共同诉讼人发生效力，否则就不发生效力，普通的共同诉讼是指当事人一方或者双方为二人以上，其诉讼标的是同一种类，人民法院认为可以合并审理并经当事人同意的为普通的共同诉讼。
③诉讼代表人
诉讼代表人即群体诉讼中人数众多当事人的代表人，所谓群体诉讼，是指当单人一方或者双方人数众多，由该群体中的一人或者数人代表群体起诉或应诉，法院所作的判决对该群体所有成员均有约束力的诉讼。
诉讼代表人分为两种类型：
人数确定的诉讼代表人，是指共同诉讼的一方当事人人数众多，由该群体的全体成员推选其中的一人或数人，授权其代为起诉或应诉的人，人数确定的诉讼代表人产生后，就由其代表人数众多的当事人全体行使诉讼权利．履行诉讼义务，代表人在诉讼中所实施的诉讼行为视同全体当事人的诉讼行为,对所代表的全体当事人发生效力。但是，代表人变更、放弃诉讼请求或者承认对方当事人的诉讼请求，进行和解，必须经被代表的当事人同意。
人数不确定的诉讼代表人。是指诉讼标的是同一种类、当事人一方人数众多，在起诉时人数尚未确定，经推选或商定，代表该群体起诉或应诉的人。他的产生有两种方式：一是由向人民法院登记的权利人中推选代表人；二是推选不出代表人的，人民法院可以与参加登记的权利人一起商定代表人，以多数当事人的意见为准，人民法院对人数不确定的诉讼作出的判决、裁定，不仅对代表人发生效力、未参加登记的权利人在诉讼有效期间提起诉讼的、适用该判决、裁定。
④第三人
第三人是指对他人之间的诉讼标的具有独立的请求权、或者虽无独立的请求权．而案件的处理结果与其有法律上的利害关系，从而参加到诉讼中来的人。第三人分两种情况：一种是有独立请求权的第三人。即对他人之间的诉讼标的，不论全部或者一部，以独立实体权利人的资格，提出诉讼请求而参加诉讼的人；另一种是无独立请求权的第三人，即对他人之间的诉讼标的，没有独立的实体权利，只是参加当事人一方进行诉讼，以维护自己利益的人。
(2)诉讼代理人
诉讼代理人是指根据法律规定或者当事人的委托，代理当事人进行诉讼的人.诉讼代理人有以下特点；①诉讼代理人只能以被代理人的名义进行诉讼，而不是自己的名义；②诉讼代理人在代理权限内所为的诉讼行为，其法律后果对被代理人发生法律效力；③诉讼代理人只能代理当事人一方，不能在同一诉讼中代理双方当事人。
诉讼代理人有以下两种类型：
①法定代理人
法定代理人是指根据法律规定行使代理权的人。根据的规定，没有诉讼行为能力的人，由他的法定代理人代为诉讼。"没有诉讼行为能力的人"是指未成年人和精神病患者．所以法定代理制是保护无行为能力人和社会利益的一种代理制度。
②委托代理人
委托代理人，是指受当事人、法定代理人、法定代表人、诉讼中的第三人的委托代为诉讼的人。
委托代理是为诉讼当事人提供方便、维护其合法权益的一种代理制度，也是民事诉讼中普遍运用的代理制度。在实际生活中，一些当事人或者由于某些原因难以亲自进行诉讼，或者因缺乏法律知识和诉讼经验而希望在诉讼中获得他人约法律帮助。这就需要设立委托代理制度，使当事人能够委托诉讼代理人代其进行诉讼，充分地行使其诉讼权利和履行诉讼义务，更好地履行其合法权益。
委托代理人的范围十分广泛。根据的规定：当事人、法定代理人、法定代表人可以委托以下人员担任诉讼代理人：当事人的近亲属，包括当事人的配偶、父母、子女、同胞兄弟姐妹等；律师；有关的社会团体或当事人所在单位推荐的人；经人民法院许可的其他公民.委托代理人在当事人授权范围内代理当事人行使诉讼权利，承担诉讼义务，代为诉讼行为。委托代理人在代理的权限范围内，为诉讼行为和接受诉讼，视为当事人的诉讼行为，在法律上对当事人发生效力。因此．当事人有代理人的,一般可以不出庭。
审判程序
(1)起诉与受理
①起诉
起诉，是原告向人民法院提出司法保护请求的诉讼行为，起诉需具备以下条件：原告须是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织，否则，不能作为原告起诉；必须有明确的被告，如无，人民法院无法审理，所以，在无明确被告的情况下，不能起诉；必须有具体的诉讼请求和事实、理由。没有诉讼请求，不必要进行审理。诉讼请求不具体，无法进行审理。诉讼请求具体，才有审理的必要，除此之外，还必须有一定的事实、理由，即提出诉讼请求的依据；请求的事由必须属于人民法院受理民事诉讼范围和受诉法院管辖。不属于人民法院受理范围，应由行政机关或其他部门处理的，不能受理，应告知到相应机关或部门申请处理。请求虽属于人民法院受理范围，但不属于受诉法院管辖的，也不能受理，应告知到有管辖权的人民法院起诉。
起诉的形式有两种：
书面形式。用书面形式起诉、就是原告向人民法院提交起诉状，起诉状应当具有以下内容：当事人自然情况。是公民的，应写上姓名、性别、年龄、民族、职业、工作单位和住所。是法人或其他组织的，应写明名称、住所和法定代表人的姓名、职务；诉讼请求和所根据的事实、理由；证据和证据来源及证人的姓名、住所.
口头形式。起诉一般应用书面形式、口头形式只限于对那些简单民事案件且原告书写诉状确有困难的、才能允许口头起诉.对于口头起诉的，人民法院应将原告口诉请求与事实、理由记入笔录，并告知被告.
②受理
人民法院在收到起诉状后，应当审查其是否符合起诉条件。审查之后，应作出受理或不予受理的决定。受理，也称立案，是指人民法院对待合法律条件的起诉予以接受的诉讼行为。
人民法院受理应当在立案期限内进行，即人民法院应当在收到起诉状后的7日内作出决定，如果法院决定受理，应在7日内通知当事人，如果经审查后，认为不符合起诉条件的，不予受理.不予受理,应当在接到起诉状之次日起7日内作出不予受理裁定，原告对裁定不服的，可以提起上诉。
(2)审理前的准备
人民法院应当在案件受理后5日内，向被告发送起诉状副本，并通知被告进行答辩，在15日内提出答辩状。被告提出答辩状后，人民法院应当在收到之日起5日内．将答辩状副本发送原告。答辩是被告的诉讼权利，不是义务，因此，被告可以进行答辩，也可以不进行答辩。不在法定期限内提出答辩状的，不影响人民法院对案件的审判。
在案件受理后．应及时确定法庭组成人员，组成合议庭。合议庭组成人员确定后，应当在3日内告知当事人。合议庭组成后、应认真审阅诉讼材料、了解原告提出的诉讼请求及事实、理由，了解被告答辩内容及事实、理由。在审阅诉讼材料的基础上，根据案件的具体情况和当事人举证的情况，调查收集必要的证据。
(3)开庭审理
开庭审理大致有以下几个步骤；①宣布开庭；②法庭调查。法庭调查开始、应由当事人陈述。原告首先进行陈述，然后是由被告陈述事实、理由.当事人陈述后，进行证据核对；③法庭辩论。即在法庭调查结束后，在审判人员主持下，当事人双方对如何认定事实和适用法律相互进行言词辩论；④评议和宣判。宣判对应当告知当事人上诉权利，上诉期限和上诉法院.
(4)上诉
法定期限内声明不服，要求上一级法院重新进行审理和判决，上诉必须符合下列条件：
①上诉的主体必须是第一审程序中的当事人，有权提起上诉的，只能是第一审程序中的原告、被告、第三人，当事人以外的人，不得提起上诉。
②必须在法定期限内提起上诉，民事诉讼法第147条规定，对判决提起上诉的期限为15日，对裁定提起上诉的期限为l0日。在法定期限内，当事人没有提起上诉的，裁判发生法律效力，当事人不得再提起上诉。
③必须提出上诉状。提起上诉，应当以上诉状为难，口头表示，不能作为是否提起上诉的根据。
第二审人民法院，对上诉案件进行审理后，分别作出以下处理：驳回上诉，维持原判；依法改判；撤销原判，发回重审。
第二审人民法院作出的裁判是终审的裁判，当事人不得再提起上诉。但是，根据民事诉讼法的规定，当事人对生效裁判，可以申请再审，申请再审是指当事人对已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定和调解书，认为有错误，向人民法院提出再次审理的请求。申请再审必须具有以下情形之一，才可以进行：①有新的证据，可以推翻判决、裁定的；②原判决；裁定认定事实的主要证据不足的；③原判决、裁定适用法律确有错误的；④审判人员违反法定程序，可能影响案件正确裁判的；⑤审判人员有贪污受贿，彻私舞弊，枉法裁判行为的；⑥有证据证明调解违反自愿原则或者调解协议内容违法的。只要具有以上6种情况之一，当事人就有权向原审人民法院或者上一级法院申请再审，申请再审．应当在判决、裁定发生法律效力后2年内提出，并递交申请书。
(5)执行
根据民事诉讼法的规定，法律文书生效后，应当承担义务的一方当事人拒绝履行义务，另一方当事人有权在一定期限内，向有管辖权的人民法院提出强制执行的申请。申请执行要符合以下几个条件：①有权申请执行的人，只能是人民法院制作的和生效法律文书中确认享有民事权益的一方当事人，或者仲裁机构等单位制作的生效法律文书中权益应当受到保护的一方当事人；②当事人申请执行，必须遵守法律规定的申请执行期限。申请执行的期限，双方或一方当事人是个人的为一年；双方是法人或者其他组织的为6个月。当事人没有正当理由超过法定期限的，即丧失了向人民法院申请执行的权利；③当事人申请执行，必须向有管辖权的人民法院递交申请执行书和据以执行的法律文书，申请执行书应当写明申请执行的理由和具体要求；需要执行的标的物名称、数量和地点，及被执行人可供执行的财产状况等等；④当事人申请执行其他机关制作的，依法应由人民法院执行的生效法律文书，还应予交申请执行费。
民事诉讼法规定．如果被执行人未按生效判决、裁定和其他法律文书指定的期间履行义务的．应按照被执行人应当履行义务的内容不同,分别采取经济惩罚措施；被执行人应当履行给付金钱义务的，则应加倍支付迟延履行期间的债务利息；被执行人应当履行除金钱以外的其他义务的．则应支付迟延履行金。
Contract litigation mainly includes economic contract litigation. The litigation of economic contracts refers to a way in which the parties, in their own name and in accordance with relevant legal provisions, request the people's court to provide legal protection through a trial system in order to resolve disputes over economic contracts.
Economic contract litigation mainly includes: (1) How do the parties file a lawsuit? According to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, if a party to an economic contract dispute initiates a lawsuit, they must meet the following conditions: (1) the plaintiff is a citizen, legal person, or other organization directly interested in the case; (2) There is a clear defendant; (3) Having specific litigation claims, facts, and reasons; (4) Belongs to the scope of civil litigation accepted by the people's court and the jurisdiction of the people's court being sued. If the above conditions are met, the plaintiff (party) shall submit a complaint to the people's court. According to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, the complaint shall specify the following matters: (1) the name, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, work unit and address of the parties, the name and address of the legal person or other organization, and the name and position of the legal representative or main person in charge; (2) Litigation claims and the facts and reasons relied upon; (3) Evidence and sources of evidence, witness name and residence. If the people's court receives a complaint and, after examination, finds that it meets the conditions for filing a lawsuit, it shall file the case within seven days and notify the parties involved; If it is deemed that it does not meet the conditions for prosecution, it shall be ruled not to be accepted within seven days; If the plaintiff is dissatisfied with the ruling, they may file an appeal.
（2） Which regional court should economic contract litigation be brought to? Litigation should be brought to a court with jurisdiction, otherwise the court will not accept it and the litigation process will not be initiated. According to the provisions of China's Civil Procedure Law, economic contract disputes are generally under the jurisdiction of the court where the defendant is located (domicile or habitual residence) or where the contract is performed. However, the parties can also agree on jurisdiction, that is, the parties to the contract may choose in a written agreement to be under the jurisdiction of the people's court in the defendant's domicile, place of contract performance, place of contract signing, place of plaintiff's domicile or place of subject matter, The agreed jurisdiction shall not violate the provisions of the law on hierarchical jurisdiction and exclusive jurisdiction.
（3） The burden of proof for the preservation of evidence in contract litigation determines the key scope of evidence to be preserved, and the type of evidence determines the form of evidence to be preserved. The purpose of evidence preservation is to put favorable facts in a state that can be proven, so as not to prevent the fact that is beneficial but cannot be proven, resulting in actual consequences of being dumbfounded.
Specific requirements for the preservation of litigation evidence:
Evidence to prove the other party's breach of contract:
Litigation is the process in which one party to a contract dispute brings the dispute to a national judicial authority, where the people's court exercises its judicial power over the contract dispute case, conducts the trial in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the Civil Procedure Law, investigates facts, distinguishes right from wrong, clarifies responsibilities, determines the rights and obligations of both parties, and thus resolves the contract dispute between the two parties. The procedure for parties to a contract to resolve contract disputes through litigation is more complex compared to the other three methods. Generally speaking, in resolving contract disputes through litigation, the parties should pay attention to the following issues in terms of procedure:;
If there are quality issues with the other party's products, the following methods can be used to preserve evidence:
(1) Require the other party to be present to confirm this issue and take a joint product inspection record, which should be signed by both parties.
(2) Issue a quality objection notice, requiring the authenticity of the quality issue to be recorded on the notice.
(3) Take photos of product quality issues.
(4) The product quality shall be inspected by the quality inspection agency agreed upon by both parties. And notarize the sampling process.
(5) Both parties shall jointly entrust the quality inspection to the quality inspection agency agreed upon in advance or afterwards.
Procedure for Contract Parties to Resolve Contract Disputes through Litigation
1. Regarding the Contract and relevant agreements, as well as the relevant materials agreed upon by the parties to be included in the contract. These documentary evidence directly prove the establishment and effectiveness of the contract, as well as the specific content of the contract.
2. Evidence that you have fulfilled the contract to the other party during the performance of the contract. The delivery of goods must have a receipt, and the payment must have an invoice or other payment receipt.
3. Notification, notification, and objection sent to the other party during the performance of the contract. But it is possible that all should be fully preserved. Especially for notifications of product quality objections and termination of contracts, it is necessary to make them in writing, sign for them, send them by mail, or make them by phone, and record the phone call at the same time.
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Jurisdiction of Litigation:
Jurisdiction refers to the division of labor and authority within the people's court system to handle first instance civil cases. The jurisdiction of litigation includes the following aspects:
(1) Level jurisdiction
According to the provisions of China's Civil Procedure Law, contract dispute cases are generally handled by grassroots people's courts as the first instance court, while major foreign-related contract dispute cases can be handled by intermediate people's courts as the first instance court. In addition, in judicial practice, if the litigation unit of an economic contract dispute case belongs to a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the central government or above, the intermediate people's court is generally the first instance court; Although the litigation unit for economic disputes belongs to a region or a city under the jurisdiction of a province, the amount of the litigation subject matter is relatively large. The case is relatively complex, and the intermediate people's court can also serve as the first instance court.
(2) Regional jurisdiction
① General territorial jurisdiction
The principle of general territorial jurisdiction is the "plaintiff defendant" principle, which means that litigation is generally under the jurisdiction of the court where the defendant is located. If the defendant is a citizen, it shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the defendant's domicile; If the defendant's place of residence is inconsistent with their habitual residence, it shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of their habitual residence. Here, "citizen's residence" refers to the place where the citizen's registered residence is located. "Frequent residence" refers to the place where a citizen has resided continuously for more than one year from their place of residence until the time of filing a lawsuit, except for places where the citizen is hospitalized for medical treatment. If the defendant is a legal person or other organization, it shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the defendant's domicile. The "place of residence" here refers to the location of the main office of the legal person or other organization. For civil partnerships, partnership type joint ventures, etc. without office, the court where the defendant is registered can have jurisdiction.
② Special territorial jurisdiction
According to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, special territorial jurisdiction includes the following eight aspects:
Litigation arising from contract disputes shall be managed by the court of the defendant's domicile or the place of contract performance.
Litigation arising from insurance contract disputes shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court located in the defendant's domicile or the location of the insurance subject matter. If the insured subject matter is a transportation vehicle or goods in transit, it shall be under the jurisdiction of the court of the defendant's domicile or the place where the transportation vehicle is registered, registered, or the destination of transportation, or the place where the insurance accident occurs.
Litigation arising from bill disputes shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court at the place of bill payment or the place of domicile.
Litigation arising from disputes over transportation and intermodal transportation contracts involving railways, highways, waterways, aviation, etc. shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court at the place of origin, destination, or defendant's domicile of the transportation.
③ Exclusive jurisdiction
Exclusive jurisdiction refers to the legal requirement that certain cases must be under the jurisdiction of a designated people's court, and other people's courts have no jurisdiction. There are two types of exclusive jurisdiction: in cases of litigation arising from real estate disputes, the people's court in the place where the real estate is located has jurisdiction; Litigation arising from disputes during port operations shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court in the place where the port is located. The provision of exclusive jurisdiction over these two aspects excludes the jurisdiction of other courts over these two types of cases.
④ Agreement jurisdiction
Agreed jurisdiction refers to the process by which the parties to a contract dispute choose the court of jurisdiction to resolve their dispute through an agreement, either before or after the dispute arises. It is also known as agreed jurisdiction or consensual jurisdiction. Article 25 stipulates: "The parties to a contract may agree in a written contract to choose the defendant's domicile, the place of contract performance, the place of contract signing, the plaintiff's domicile, or the place where the subject matter is located, but shall not violate the provisions of this Law on hierarchical and exclusive jurisdiction."
From this provision, it can be seen that China's Civil Procedure Law has the following requirements for the jurisdiction of domestic civil cases by agreement: the parties can only apply jurisdiction by agreement in contract cases, and other cases are not subject to jurisdiction by agreement. The scope of selecting the jurisdiction court for the agreement is limited to five, namely the people's court of the defendant's domicile, the place of contract performance, the place of contract signing, the plaintiff's domicile, and the location of the subject matter; The jurisdiction of the agreement not only requires the parties to reach a consensus through consultation, but also needs to be agreed upon in written form. If it is agreed upon orally, the agreement is invalid; When
The parties involved can only agree to change the territorial jurisdiction of the first instance, and cannot agree to change the level of jurisdiction; The jurisdiction of the agreement is limited to non exclusive jurisdiction litigation, and any litigation that belongs to exclusive jurisdiction cannot be changed by agreement between the two parties.
In addition, Chapter 25 also makes special provisions on the jurisdiction of foreign-related civil cases, mainly including:
① Special territorial jurisdiction. According to regulations, any lawsuit brought against a defendant whose domicile is in the People's Republic of China due to contract disputes shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court in the defendant's domicile; Litigation against defendants who do not have a residence in the People's Republic of China. If the contract is signed or performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or if the subject matter of the lawsuit is within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or if the defendant has property available for seizure within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or if the defendant has a representative organization within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the place where the contract is signed, the place where the contract is performed, or the place where the subject matter of the lawsuit is located The jurisdiction of the people's court in the location where the property can be seized and the representative office is located.
② Exclusive jurisdiction. Lawsuits arising from disputes arising from the performance of contracts for Sino foreign joint ventures, Sino foreign cooperative ventures, and Sino foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural resources within the People's Republic of China shall be under the jurisdiction of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China, and foreign courts shall have no jurisdiction.
③ Agreement jurisdiction. The parties to a dispute over a foreign-related contract may choose the jurisdiction of the court in the place where the dispute is actually related through a written agreement. Those who choose the jurisdiction of the People's Court of the People's Republic of China shall not violate the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law on hierarchical jurisdiction and exclusive jurisdiction. The place where there is actual connection with the dispute here refers to the place where the contract is signed, the place where the contract is performed, the location of the subject matter, the defendant's residence, the location where the defendant's property can be seized, or the location of the representative office.
④ Litigation jurisdiction. Also known as presumed jurisdiction, it refers to the absence of an independent jurisdictional agreement between the two parties, no choice of court clause in the contract, and no oral commitment. However, when one party sues in a court of another country, the other party does not object to the exercise of jurisdiction by that country's court, unconditionally responds, or files a counterclaim in that court, all of which indicate that the parties have accepted the jurisdiction of that country's court. Article 245 stipulates that if the defendant in a foreign-related civil lawsuit does not raise objections to the jurisdiction of the people's court and responds to the lawsuit in defense, it shall be deemed to recognize the people's court as a court with jurisdiction. The above is the content of territorial jurisdiction. It should be noted that when two or more people's courts have jurisdiction over the same case, the parties may choose to file a lawsuit in one court; If a party brings a lawsuit to two or more courts, the court that first filed the case shall accept it.
(3) Objection to Jurisdiction
The objection to jurisdiction refers to the opinion or claim raised by the parties to the defendant's court that they do not have jurisdiction over the case and do not accept the jurisdiction of the court. The subject of objection to jurisdiction should be the parties to this case, and can only be the defendant, because the plaintiff does not have the issue of objection. The plaintiff's lawsuit itself indicates that the plaintiff believes that the court in question has jurisdiction. The objection of the parties to jurisdiction should be raised during the submission of the defense, which means that if the parties have objections to jurisdiction,
It must be raised during the statutory defense period. If it is not raised, it shall be deemed as a waiver of the right to raise objections and shall not be raised again in the future.
If the objection to jurisdiction raised by the parties meets the above conditions, the court shall review it. If the objection is established, the court shall make a written ruling and transfer the case to the court with jurisdiction for trial. If the objection is found to be unfounded after review, the ruling shall be rejected and served on both parties. If the parties are dissatisfied with the ruling, they may appeal to the higher-level people's court within 10 days after the service of the ruling
Participants in litigation
The participants in the lawsuit include the parties and litigation agents.
(1) Parties involved
A party refers to a person who, in the name of their own, engages in litigation due to disputes arising from civil rights and obligations, is bound by the judgment of the people's court, and has a direct interest in the outcome of the case.
The parties involved have the following characteristics: ① to file a lawsuit in their own name. If litigation is conducted in the name of others, it can only be the litigation agent, not the party; ② Has a direct interest in the case; ③ Bound by the judgment of the people's court.
The litigation rights of parties include the following:
① Requesting judicial protection rights. The plaintiff has the right to sue, and the defendant has the right to defend; ② Entrusted agent. Any party to a civil lawsuit has the right to appoint 1-2 agents for litigation; ③ Apply for recusal. In order to ensure a fair trial of the case, the parties have the right to request the people's court to replace the judges and other personnel in this case; ④ Collect and provide evidence. In order to safeguard one's legitimate rights and interests and enable the people's court to make judgments that are beneficial to oneself, any party has the right to collect evidence, provide evidence to the people's court, and prove that one's statement is true and should be protected by law; ⑤ Debate. In court, when
The parties involved have the right to express their own opinions, argue their own litigation claims, and refute the other party's litigation claims. At the same time, the right to defense can also be exercised in writing; ⑥ Request mediation. In civil litigation, both parties have the right to request the people's court to try civil cases through mediation and resolve civil disputes; ⑦ The plaintiff can abandon or modify the litigation request, which reflects the plaintiff's disposal of its substantive rights as long as it does not violate legal provisions, does not harm the interests of the state, collective or others, and the people's court should protect it; ⑧ The defendant has the right to admit or refute the litigation claim, and has the right to file a counterclaim Both parties can reach a settlement on their own. For civil disputes that have already been brought to court, the parties still have the right to negotiate with each other and reach a settlement. As long as this settlement does not violate legal provisions and does not harm the interests of others, the people's courts will guarantee it Appeal for ineffective first instance ruling